With the experience of the COVID-19 pandemic still afresh in our minds, the spread of Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) understandably raises concerns. That said, HMPV is not a new virus—it was discovered in 2001—and with the right knowledge and care, you can protect your and your loved ones’ health. This guide covers everything you need to know about HMPV, from symptoms and treatment options to prevention strategies. Let’s dive in.
What is Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)?
Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a respiratory virus that primarily affects the airways, causing symptoms that range from mild, cold-like signs to more severe respiratory issues. First identified in 2001, HMPV belongs to the same viral family responsible for measles, RSV, and mumps. Most people contract HMPV before the age of 5, and while they typically recover, reinfection is possible; however, symptoms are typically much milder during a second infection. It may lead to severe symptoms in young children, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems.
While HMPV often causes upper respiratory infection, it can also affect the lower respiratory system, leading to conditions such as pneumonia or bronchiolitis. It is important to note that most people recover with supportive care, including rest, hydration, and symptom management. Though there is no specific antiviral treatment or vaccine for HMPV, medical advancements continue to improve the care and support available, offering hope for those affected by the virus.
What are the Symptoms of HMPV?
Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) can present with symptoms similar to the common cold, often leading individuals to overlook the infection or delay seeking medical attention. Since the symptoms are so mild and familiar, it can be challenging to distinguish HMPV from other less severe respiratory illnesses. As a result, many individuals do not seek testing or proper diagnosis, which can lead to complications, especially in vulnerable populations. While the exact symptoms of the infection can vary, here are some of the common symptoms of HPV based on age:
HMPV Symptoms In Adults
Cough
Runny nose
Sore throat
Mild fever
Congestion
Fatigue
Headache
HMPV Symptoms In Children
Coughing
Wheezing
Difficulty breathing
High fever
Nasal congestion
Decreased appetite
Irritability
How is Human Metapneumovirus Transmitted?
HMPV spreads primarily through respiratory droplets, similar to other respiratory viruses. Understanding the different ways in which it is transmitted can help reduce the risk of infection. Below are the main transmission routes for HMPV:
Airborne Particles produced from Coughing and Sneezing
When an infected person coughs or sneezes, respiratory droplets containing the virus are released into the air. These droplets can then be inhaled by individuals nearby, making it a primary mode of transmission.
Close Contact with Infected Individuals
Close contact with an infected individual, such as hugging, shaking hands or sharing utensils increases the chances of transmission. The virus spreads more easily in crowded or confined spaces where individuals are in proximity to each other.
HMPV can be passed on through direct physical contact with an infected person, by shaking hands or touching surfaces that have the virus on them. Once the virus is transferred onto the hands, touching the face, especially the eyes, nose, or mouth, increases the risk of infection.
The virus can survive on surfaces such as doorknobs, light switches, or toys for several hours. Touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the face can facilitate the spread of the virus, especially in crowded environments such as schools and hospitals.
High-Risk Groups For HMPV
While Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) can affect people of all ages, certain groups are more vulnerable to severe illness. Identifying these high-risk groups is essential for targeted prevention and care. Below are the primary groups at greater risk:
Newborns: Infants under six months old have developing immune systems, making them more susceptible to severe respiratory complications.
Young Children: Young children, especially those under the age of 5 years, are particularly susceptible to HMPV. Their developing immune systems make them more prone to severe respiratory complications.
Older Adults: People aged 65 and above are at higher risk due to age-related weakening of the immune system. In this group, HMPV can lead to prolonged illness or complications.
Individuals with Weakened Immune Systems: Those with pre-existing conditions such cancer or HIV, or undergoing treatments such as chemotherapy or organ transplants, are more likely to experience severe HMPV infections. A compromised immune system makes it harder to fight off the virus effectively.
People with Chronic Respiratory or Heart Conditions: Individuals with pre-existing conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or heart disease are at a higher risk of severe respiratory complications when infected with HMPV.
Residents of Long-Term Care Facilities: Those staying in nursing homes or similar settings are particularly vulnerable due to close living quarters and frequent contact with others who may carry the virus.
Complications Associated with HMPV
Although many cases of Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) are mild, the infection can sometimes lead to serious complications, particularly in high-risk groups. Below are the key complications associated with HMPV:
Bronchiolitis: HMPV can cause inflammation and blockage in the small airways of the lungs (bronchioles), leading to coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing. This is especially common in infants and young children.
Pneumonia: The virus can spread to the lungs, causing pneumonia - a potentially life-threatening condition characterised by fever, cough, chest pain, and shortness of breath. This is a serious concern for older adults and individuals with compromised immune systems.
Worsening of Pre-Existing Conditions: People with chronic illnesses such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or heart disease may experience flare-ups or worsening symptoms due to HMPV, leading to prolonged illness or hospitalisation.
Respiratory Failure: In severe cases, HMPV can lead to respiratory failure, where the lungs are unable to supply enough oxygen to the body. This complication typically requires intensive care and mechanical ventilation.
Secondary Infections: HMPV can weaken the immune system, increasing the risk of secondary bacterial infections such as sinusitis, ear infections, or bacterial pneumonia. These secondary infections can further complicate recovery. While antibiotics do not treat HMPV itself, they may be prescribed if the virus leads to secondary bacterial infections, such as pneumonia, sinusitis, or ear infections.
How is Human Metapneumovirus Diagnosed?
Diagnosing Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is typically reserved for individuals with severe symptoms, as most people with mild symptoms do not require lab tests. While a clinical evaluation helps assess symptoms and rule out other conditions, confirmatory diagnosis is usually made through laboratory tests such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), which detects the virus’s genetic material with high accuracy.
Clinical Assessment: Doctors begin by evaluating the patient’s symptoms, medical history, and risk factors, such as age, chronic health conditions, or recent exposure to respiratory infections. This step helps rule out other potential causes of the illness.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Test: A PCR test detects the virus's genetic material in a nasal or throat sample taken from the patient. This test is highly sensitive and specific, making it the preferred option for confirming the virus.
Rapid Antigen Testing: In some cases, rapid antigen tests may be used to identify HMPV. While quicker than PCR, these tests are generally less sensitive and might not detect the virus in mild cases.
Viral Culture: Though less commonly used, viral cultures involve growing the virus from a patient’s respiratory sample in a laboratory setting. This method is slower and typically reserved for research or specific cases.
Immunofluorescence Testing: This method uses fluorescently labelled antibodies to detect HMPV proteins in respiratory samples. It is less commonly used, but can provide valuable diagnostic information in certain settings.
HMPV Treatment Options
Effective management of Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) infection focuses on relieving symptoms and supporting a full recovery. While there is currently no specific antiviral treatment or vaccine for Human Metapneumovirus, with the right care, most people recover completely within a few weeks. Treatment options include:
Rest and Hydration
Rest and proper hydration are essential for recovering from HMPV. The former supports the immune system in fighting the infection, while the latter helps thin mucus, alleviate congestion, and prevent dehydration caused by fever.
Over-the-counter Medications
Over-the-counter medications, such as paracetamol or ibuprofen, can help reduce fever, relieve body aches, and ease discomfort caused by the infection. These medications provide temporary relief, making it easier for patients to rest and recover.
Oxygen Therapy
In severe cases where breathing becomes difficult, oxygen therapy may be administered to ensure the body receives sufficient oxygen. This is often used for infants, older adults, or individuals with underlying health conditions.
Hospitalisation
High-risk groups, including young children, older adults, and immunocompromised individuals, may require hospitalisation for close monitoring and advanced supportive care. This may include:
Continuous Monitoring of Vital Signs: Regular checks of oxygen levels, heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory function to detect any signs of deterioration early.
Supplemental Oxygen Therapy: Administered via nasal cannulas, masks, or high-flow devices to support adequate oxygen levels in patients with difficulty breathing.
Intravenous (IV) Fluids: To prevent dehydration, especially in young children or those unable to drink adequate fluids due to severe symptoms.
Mechanical Ventilation: For patients with respiratory failure or severe breathing difficulties, mechanical ventilation provides critical respiratory support.
Management of Secondary Complications: Timely identification and treatment of secondary bacterial infections, such as pneumonia, which might arise during severe HMPV cases.
Nutritional Support: For patients unable to eat due to severe symptoms, hospital staff may provide nutritional support via IV or feeding tubes.
Targeted Care for Underlying Conditions: In individuals with pre-existing conditions like asthma or COPD, care may include specialised treatments to manage those conditions and reduce complications.
Is it Possible to Prevent a Human Metapneumovirus Infection?
While there is no definitive way to prevent HMPV infections, there are certain proactive measures that you can take to reduce the risk. These include:
Wash Your Hands Regularly: Frequent handwashing with soap and water for at least 20 seconds is one of the most effective ways to remove germs and prevent infection. Hand hygiene is especially important after coughing, sneezing, or touching shared surfaces.
Avoid Close Contact with Sick Individuals: Limit close interactions, such as hugging or sharing utensils, with people showing signs of respiratory illness. This is particularly crucial for protecting young children, older adults, or those with weakened immune systems.
Disinfect Frequently Touched Surfaces: Regularly disinfect high-touch surfaces such as doorknobs, light switches, phones, and toys to minimise the spread of viruses. Use disinfectants proven effective against respiratory viruses.
Practice Respiratory Etiquette: Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your elbow when coughing or sneezing. Dispose of tissues immediately and wash your hands to prevent spreading droplets that may carry the virus.
Strengthen Your Immune System: Maintaining a healthy lifestyle through balanced nutrition, regular exercise, adequate sleep, and stress management can bolster your immune system, making you more resilient to infections.
Stay Home When Sick: If you or your child have symptoms of a respiratory illness, staying home helps prevent spreading the infection to others, especially those who may be more vulnerable.
Be Mindful in High-Risk Seasons: HMPV infections typically peak in late winter and early spring, and recent reports of cases in India serve as a timely reminder to stay vigilant. Take extra precautions, such as avoiding crowded spaces and practising good hygiene, to reduce your exposure risk and protect those around you.
Turn Concerns Into Action with Professional Medical Guidance
When it comes to your health, you don’t have to navigate it alone. Artemis Hospitals is a trusted healthcare partner, with doctors and staff dedicated to providing you with compassionate, expert care. Whether you or a loved one is experiencing symptoms of HMPV or have concerns about their health, we are here to support you every step of the way. For appointments, call our customer care at +91-124-451-1111 or WhatsApp us at +91 959-928-5476. You can also schedule an appointment with our specialists through our online patient portal or download and register on the Artemis Personal Health Record mobile app, available for both iOS and Android devices.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is human metapneumovirus just a cold?
No, while HMPV shares symptoms with the common cold, it can cause more severe respiratory issues, especially in high-risk groups.
Is HMPV common in India?
Yes, HMPV is a well-established virus, and many people have already been exposed to it. For most, the symptoms are mild, and they recover without complications.
How common is human metapneumovirus?
Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is common, with most people likely to be infected at least once by age 5.
How is HMPV different from other respiratory viruses like RSV or the flu?
HMPV has similar symptoms to RSV and the flu but tends to cause milder infections, though it can still lead to severe complications in vulnerable individuals.
Do you need antibiotics for human metapneumovirus?
No, antibiotics do not treat HMPV itself, but may be prescribed for secondary bacterial infections.
How long does a human metapneumovirus infection last?
HMPV symptoms typically last from a few days to about two weeks, depending on the severity of the infection.
When should I see a doctor for HMPV?
Consult a doctor if you experience severe symptoms such as difficulty breathing, bluish skin, or chest pain, or if symptoms worsen over time, such as high fever for more than three days.
What is the impact of HMPV on pregnant women?
Currently, there is no evidence suggesting that HMPV directly harms pregnancy, but pregnant women should take precautions to avoid respiratory infections.
Can you get HMPV more than once?
Yes, it is possible to be infected with HMPV more than once, as immunity may not be long-lasting.
Can HMPV cause vomiting, diarrhoea, or ear infections?
HMPV primarily causes respiratory symptoms, but it can occasionally lead to secondary infections, including ear infections, though vomiting and diarrhoea are uncommon.
Article By Dr.Namita Jaggi
Chairperson- Lab services and Infection control & Chief- Education & Research
Artemis Hospitals
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