Stomach Cancer Awareness Month: What You Need to Know
Stomach Cancer Awareness Month, also known as Gastric Cancer Awareness Month, is a wake-up call for one of the world’s deadliest cancers with particularly high prevalence in East Asia and South America. In India, over 70,000 people are diagnosed with stomach cancer every year, highlighting a clear need for increasing awareness about it, including its early signs and preventive measures. To help, in this article, we cover everything you need to know about stomach cancer, from early detection to available treatments.
What is Stomach Cancer Awareness Month?
Stomach Cancer Awareness Month is observed every year during the month of November, with an aim to increase awareness among the masses about stomach cancer. One of its primary goals is to spread information about the risk factors and early symptoms of stomach cancer, empowering individuals to seek timely medical intervention.
Additionally, this month encourages conversations around preventive measures, such as dietary changes and lifestyle adjustments that can lower the risk of stomach cancer, and also fosters a sense of community among patients, survivors, and caregivers, offering support networks that can significantly improve emotional well-being.
Last but not the least, Stomach Cancer Awareness Month serves as a period for fundraising efforts for advancing research and improving treatments and outcomes. Overall, the month underscores the efforts needed to combat stomach cancer effectively and save lives.
History of Stomach Cancer Awareness Month
Stomach cancer has historically been one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Stomach Cancer Awareness Month was established in November 2010 to raise awareness about the prevalence and impact of stomach cancer. This initiative was led by various cancer organisations and advocacy groups, recognising the need to educate the public about this often overlooked disease. Over the years, it has grown into a significant movement, involving organisations, doctors, survivors, and communities, working together to support patients and promote research for better treatment options.
What is Stomach Cancer?
Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a type of cancer that typically begins in the stomach's innermost lining (mucosa), but can spread to other layers of the stomach wall or metastasize to nearby organs.
Types of Stomach Cancer
There are several types of stomach cancer. Here's an overview of the common types of stomach cancer:
Adenocarcinoma: This is the most prevalent type, accounting for about 90-95% of all stomach cancers. It starts in the cells that produce mucus and other fluids, but can also spread to other layers and parts of the stomach.
Lymphoma: This type of cancer arises from the lymphatic tissue in the stomach. While less common, gastric lymphomas are often related to an infection with Helicobacter pylori.
Carcinoid Tumours: These are neuroendocrine tumours that can develop in the stomach. Their progression is usually slower than other types of stomach cancer.
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours (GISTs): These tumours form in the connective tissues of the stomach. GISTs can be benign or malignant, and are often treated with targeted therapies?.
Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma: A subtype of adenocarcinoma, this aggressive form features cells that resemble signet rings due to their distinct shape. It is often diagnosed at an advanced stage?.
Understanding the different types of stomach cancer is crucial for diagnosis and treatment, as each type may respond differently to therapies.
Signs and Symptoms of Stomach Cancer
The signs and symptoms of stomach cancer can often be subtle and may not appear until the disease has progressed to an advanced stage. Common signs to be aware of include:
Persistent Stomach Pain: Ongoing discomfort or pain in the abdomen can be a significant indicator. This pain may feel like a general discomfort or specific localised pain.
Difficulty Swallowing (Dysphagia): People with stomach cancer might experience trouble swallowing, especially if the tumour is located near the junction of the stomach and oesophagus.
Nausea and Vomiting: Frequent nausea or vomiting, particularly if it contains blood or resembles coffee grounds, can be a serious symptom.
Unexplained Weight Loss: Sudden, unexplained weight loss can occur due to a lack of appetite or changes in metabolism associated with cancer.
Bloating and Fullness: Many individuals report a feeling of fullness after eating small amounts of food, along with bloating or gas.
Fatigue: Persistent fatigue or weakness that doesn't improve with rest can signal underlying health issues, including cancer.
Changes in Appetite: A significant decrease in appetite or a feeling of general malaise can be indicative of stomach cancer.
Iron Deficiency Anaemia: Some patients may develop anaemia due to chronic blood loss, often unnoticed, which can lead to symptoms like paleness, fatigue, and shortness of breath?
Note: As these symptoms can also be associated with other gastrointestinal conditions, it’s crucial for individuals experiencing them to consult a doctor for proper evaluation and diagnosis.
Early Diagnosis of Stomach Cancer
Early diagnosis of stomach cancer is crucial for improving treatment outcomes and survival rates. Several methods are used to diagnose stomach cancer at an early stage. These include:
Endoscopy
This is one of the most effective diagnostic tools for stomach cancer. During an endoscopy, a thin, flexible tube with a camera (an endoscope) is inserted through the mouth and into the stomach, allowing doctors to visually inspect the stomach’s lining for any abnormalities. If any suspicious areas are found, biopsy samples are taken for testing.
Imaging Tests
Various imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans can help detect stomach cancer and assess its spread. These techniques provide detailed images of the stomach and surrounding areas, helping doctors detect the presence of tumours.
Blood Tests
While there is no definitive blood test to diagnose stomach cancer, certain tests can help detect markers that may indicate cancer. For example, a doctor may recommend tests for anaemia or elevated levels of specific proteins, as these conditions are often associated with gastric cancer.
Biopsy
If cancer is suspected, biopsy offers the definitive way to confirm a diagnosis. This involves taking a sample of tissue from the tumour to be examined under a microscope for cancerous cells/growth.
Regular Screenings
Regular screenings and monitoring can also help with early detection?, and are especially recommended for individuals at a high risk, such as those with a family history of stomach cancer or specific genetic conditions.
Risk Factors for Stomach Cancer
Several risk factors are associated with stomach cancer. These include:
Helicobacter pylori Infection: Chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori is a significant risk factor. This bacterium can cause inflammation and damage to the stomach lining, leading to precancerous changes.
Dietary Factors: A diet high in salty, smoked, or pickled foods, coupled with low consumption of fruits and vegetables, is linked to an increased risk. Processed meats and foods containing preservatives may also contribute.
Tobacco Use: Smoking is a well-established risk factor for various cancers, including stomach cancer. Smokers have a higher risk, particularly for cancers in the upper part of the stomach.
Family History and Genetics: A family history of stomach cancer increases an individual’s risk, indicating a genetic component. Certain inherited conditions, such as hereditary diffuse gastric cancer syndrome, elevate this risk.
Age and Gender: Stomach cancer is more common in older adults, particularly those over the age of 60. In addition, men are at a higher risk than women.
Previous Stomach Surgery: Individuals who have had part of their stomach removed for other conditions such as ulcers are at an increased risk of developing stomach cancer later in life.
Medical Conditions: Certain conditions, such as chronic gastritis or pernicious anaemia, are associated with a higher risk of developing stomach cancer. Chronic inflammation of the stomach lining can lead to precancerous changes.
Treatments Available for Stomach Cancer
The treatment of stomach cancer varies based on the cancer's stage, location, and the patient's overall health. Here are the primary treatment options:
Surgery
Surgical intervention is often the first line of treatment for localised stomach cancer. The objective is to remove the tumour and any affected tissue. Procedures may include:
Chemotherapy
This treatment uses powerful drugs to kill cancer cells, and is commonly administered before surgery (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) to shrink tumours or after surgery (adjuvant chemotherapy) to eliminate any remaining cancer cells. It may also be utilised for advanced stomach cancer to control symptoms and prolong life.
Radiation Therapy
This treatment approach uses high-energy rays to target and destroy cancer cells. Radiation can be used alongside surgery and chemotherapy, especially for tumours that cannot be surgically removed or to alleviate symptoms in advanced cancer cases.
Targeted Therapy
This treatment targets specific molecules involved in cancer growth. For stomach cancer, targeted therapies may include drugs that inhibit growth factor receptors or angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels that feed tumours).
Immunotherapy
This is an emerging treatment option that leverages the body's immune system to combat cancer. Certain immunotherapy drugs have shown promise, particularly in cases of stomach cancer with specific genetic markers.
Palliative Care
In advanced cases, where a cure is not feasible, palliative care aims to relieve symptoms and enhance the quality of life. This approach may involve pain management and supportive therapies.
Preventing Stomach Cancer
Though there is no certain way to prevent stomach cancer, lifestyle and dietary choices can help reduce the risk. Here are some tips to help prevent stomach cancer:
Healthy Diet: A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Foods high in antioxidants, such as berries, citrus fruits, and leafy greens, can help protect against cancer. Limiting the intake of salty, smoked, and pickled foods is also crucial, as these have been linked to an increased risk of stomach cancer.
Regular Exercise: Maintaining a healthy weight through regular physical activity can lower the risk of various cancers, including stomach cancer. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity or 75 minutes of vigorous activity each week.
Avoid Tobacco: Smoking and tobacco use are significant risk factors for many types of cancers, including stomach cancer. Quitting smoking can greatly reduce the risk of developing this disease, along with offering numerous other health benefits.
Limit Alcohol Consumption: Excessive alcohol intake is associated with an increased risk of stomach cancer. Limiting alcohol to moderate levels—up to one drink per day for women and two for men—can help lower this risk.
Prevent and Treat Helicobacter pylori Infection: As chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori is a major risk factor, it's essential to immediately seek treatment for this infection. Good hygiene practices, such as washing hands thoroughly and ensuring food safety, can help prevent infections.
Regular Medical Check-ups: Regular health check-ups can help identify any precancerous conditions at an early stage. Individuals with a family history of stomach cancer or other risk factors should discuss screening options with a stomach cancer specialist.
Manage Underlying Conditions: Conditions such as chronic gastritis or pernicious anaemia should be monitored and managed appropriately, as they can increase the risk of stomach cancer.
Genetic Counselling: For those with a family history of stomach cancer, genetic counselling may provide insights into personal risk and inform preventive measures.
Conclusion
Stomach Cancer Awareness Month serves as a reminder of the importance of early detection and prevention strategies in combating this serious illness. By understanding risk factors, recognizing symptoms, and adopting healthier lifestyle choices, individuals can significantly reduce their risk of stomach cancer. If you have been noticing any of the early signs of stomach cancer or would like to learn more about how to prevent it, don’t hesitate to consult a stomach cancer specialist at Artemis Hospitals. This stomach cancer awareness month, let’s strive for a healthier future, ensuring that we catch potential issues early and save lives.
Article By Dr. Tapan Singh Chauhan
Sr. Consultant - Surgical Oncology, Robotics, GI & HPB, Gynae & Peritoneal Surface Oncology
Artemis Hospitals
