According to the WHO (World Health Organization), lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, with approximately 1.8 million fatalities each year. In India, the situation is equally alarming, with the ICMR (Indian Council of Medical Research) reporting around 75,000 new cases annually, making it the most common cancer among men. Given the increasing cases of lung cancer, there is a pressing need to increase awareness about this deadly disease, which brings us to Lung Cancer Awareness Month.
What is lung cancer awareness month?
Lung Cancer Awareness Month is observed every year during November, to raise awareness about lung cancer, its risk factors, early symptoms, treatment options, and the importance of early detection. The month aims to educate the public about this life-threatening disease. During this month, healthcare organisations, non-profits, and advocacy groups organise various activities, campaigns, and events to provide valuable information about lung cancer, support patients and their families, and encourage discussions about lung health.
In addition, Lung Cancer Awareness Month provides a platform for survivors, patients, and advocates to share their stories, thereby humanising the statistics around lung cancer, and demonstrating its impact.
Last but not the least, Lung Cancer Awareness Month offers an opportune time to mobilise resources for research, driving advancements in treatment options and improving survival rates.
Overall, through community involvement and advocacy, Lung Cancer Awareness Month plays a vital role in reducing the overall burden of the disease.
History of Lung Cancer Awareness Month
Lung Cancer Awareness Month has its roots in a broader movement to raise awareness about cancer and its impact on public health. The initiative began in the early 1990s, primarily in the United States, as healthcare advocates and organisations sought to address growing concerns about lung cancer, which was often overshadowed by other types of cancer, such as breast cancer.
In 1995, the American Lung Association declared November as Lung Cancer Awareness Month, aiming to educate the public about the disease, promote early detection, and encourage smoking cessation. The choice of November was strategic, allowing for the alignment of various lung cancer campaigns with existing health observances.
What is Lung Cancer?
Lung cancer, a type of cancer that originates in the lungs, is characterised by abnormal growth of lung cells, leading to the formation of tumours that can impair lung function. If left untreated, lung cancer can spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body, making it particularly dangerous.
Risk Factors for Lung Cancer
Several risk factors can increase the likelihood of developing lung cancer, including:
Smoking: The primary risk factor, responsible for approximately 85% of lung cancer cases. Both active smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke significantly raise the risk.
Environmental Factors: Exposure to radon gas, asbestos, and other carcinogens in the workplace can contribute to lung cancer risk.
Air Pollution: Long-term exposure to polluted air, particularly fine particulate matter and other harmful substances, is linked to an increased risk of lung cancer.
Family History: A family history of lung cancer can indicate a genetic predisposition, increasing an individual’s risk.
Age: The risk of lung cancer increases with age, particularly for those over 55 years old.
Previous Lung Disease: Individuals with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or lung infections may have a higher risk.
Gender: Men are generally at a higher risk than women, although this gap has narrowed in recent years, particularly among non-smokers.
Radiation Therapy to the Chest: Previous radiation therapy to the chest for other cancers can increase the risk of developing lung cancer later. The exposure to high doses of radiation can damage lung tissue and promote the development of cancerous cells.
Vitamin Supplements: Some studies have suggested a potential link between high doses of certain vitamin supplements, particularly beta-carotene. It’s important for individuals to discuss supplementation with their doctor, especially if they smoke or have other risk factors.
Occupational Exposure: Certain professionals expose individuals to carcinogenic substances such as asbestos, benzene, and diesel exhaust, significantly increasing the risk of lung cancer.
Note: Individuals at a high risk of developing lung cancer, due to any of the aforementioned risk factors, should consult a lung cancer specialist and undergo regular screenings.
What are the Types of Lung Cancer?
Common Types
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): This is the most common form of lung cancer, accounting for about 85% of cases. It encompasses several subtypes, including adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma.
Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC): This aggressive form is linked primarily to smoking and tends to spread quickly, making early detection and treatment crucial.
Mesothelioma: Though primarily associated with asbestos exposure, this cancer affects the pleura (the lining of the lungs) and is considered a rare type of lung cancer.
Lung Nodules: While lung nodules are not cancerous themselves, they can be indicative of potential cancer and are often monitored or biopsied to rule out malignancy.
Rare Types
Carcinoid Tumours: Though quite rare, these neuroendocrine tumours can occur in the lungs. They generally grow slowly and may not cause significant symptoms initially.
Mediastinal Tumours: Located in the mediastinum (the area between the lungs), these tumours can affect various structures and may include both benign and malignant types.
Signs and Symptoms of Lung Cancer
The signs and symptoms of lung cancer can vary but commonly include:
Persistent Cough: A cough that does not go away or worsens over time can be an early warning sign.
Chest Pain: Discomfort or pain in the chest, which may be aggravated by deep breathing or coughing.
Shortness of Breath: Difficulty breathing or a feeling of being winded can occur, especially during physical activities.
Unexplained Weight Loss: Significant weight loss without trying can be a concerning symptom.
Fatigue: Persistent tiredness or weakness that does not improve with rest may indicate an underlying issue.
Coughing Up Blood: Hemoptysis, or coughing up blood or rust-coloured sputum, is a serious symptom that requires immediate medical attention.
Recurrent Respiratory Infections: Frequent bouts of pneumonia or bronchitis may signal lung problems.
Wheezing: A wheezing sound when breathing can be associated with lung cancer or other respiratory issues.
Note: These symptoms may not be exclusive to lung cancer and can be caused by various conditions. It is, therefore, crucial to consult a doctor if any of these signs persist for a long duration.
Early Diagnosis for Lung Cancer
Early diagnosis of lung cancer can greatly improve treatment success and survival rates. Here are some key methods to identify lung cancer at an early stage:
Monitoring Symptoms
Being aware of early symptoms, such as persistent cough, chest pain, or unexplained weight loss can help with earlier medical consultations, leading to timely diagnostic evaluations.
Physical Examination
A thorough physical examination is essential in identifying potential signs of lung cancer. The doctor will look for symptoms such as abnormal lung sounds, changes in breathing patterns, or any unusual masses that may indicate an underlying issue requiring further investigation.
Family’s Medical History
Knowing detailed medical histories of family members can also play a role in diagnosing lung cancer at an early stage. A history of lung diseases or cancers in the family can significantly influence screening decisions and risk assessments.
Low-Dose Computed Tomography (LDCT) Scans
LDCT is a highly sensitive imaging test recommended for high-risk individuals, such as long-term smokers or those with a family history of lung cancer. Studies have shown that annual screening with LDCT can significantly reduce lung cancer mortality.
Sputum Cytology
This test involves examining mucus coughed up from the lungs under a microscope to detect cancerous cells. While less commonly used than LDCT, it can be helpful in specific cases.
Biopsies
If suspicious lesions are found, a biopsy may be performed to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Various methods can be used, including bronchoscopy or needle biopsy.
Chest X-rays
While not as effective as LDCT, chest X-rays can sometimes reveal abnormal masses and are often used in initial evaluations.
Preventing Lung Cancer
Here are some preventive health tips for reducing the risk of lung cancer:
Avoid Smoking: Smoking is one of the leading causes of lung cancer. If you smoke, it is strongly recommended to quit or cut down. In addition, non-smokers should avoid exposure to secondhand smoke.
Get Regular Screenings: For individuals at a high risk (such as long-term smokers), regular screenings with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) can help detect lung cancer at an early stage.
Reduce Exposure to Carcinogens: Be aware of environmental hazards, such as radon gas, asbestos, and other toxic chemicals. Testing your surroundings for radon and ensuring safe handling of hazardous materials can help reduce the risk.
Maintain a Healthy Lifestyle: Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables, engaging in regular physical activity, and maintaining a healthy weight can boost overall health and potentially lower the risk.
Limit Air Pollution Exposure: Whenever possible, reduce exposure to polluted air. This includes avoiding heavy traffic areas, using air purifiers at home, and staying indoors on days with poor air quality.
Stay Informed: Awareness of family history and discussing any concerns with your doctor can aid in personalised risk assessment and preventive measures.
Conclusion
Lung Cancer Awareness Month serves as a reminder for individuals to learn about lung cancer, get screened if necessary, and support research efforts for better treatments and outcomes. As knowledge is a powerful tool in combating lung cancer; by spreading awareness, we can foster a community of support and resilience. If you or a loved one has concerns about lung health, book a consultation with a specialist at Artemis Hospitals.
Article By Dr. Parveen Yadav
Chief & Sr. Consultant - Thoracic Surgery & Surgical Oncology
Artemis Hospitals