Gastroenteritis 101: Understanding Stomach Infections

Gastroenteritis, also referred to as acute gastroenteritis, gastrointestinal flu, or stomach flu, is a common stomach infection impacting countless individuals worldwide. Often mistaken for food poisoning, gastroenteritis flu stands out as, unlike food poisoning, it is highly contagious and has various possible causes. Given the increasing prevalence of stomach flu, there is a clear need for increasing awareness about it and preventive measures. In this article, let’s understand the disease, its causes, symptoms, and the steps you can take to prevent and manage it effectively. But first, some basics. 

What is Gastroenteritis?

Gastroenteritis, or stomach flu, is a condition characterised by inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by infections, toxins, or irritants. The condition disrupts digestive functions, which can impair the body’s ability to absorb water and nutrients, presenting with an array of symptoms. In most cases, stomach flu is not a critical condition and resolves on its own, but it can cause significant discomfort and, in some cases, may lead to severe dehydration.

Types of Gastroenteritis: Causes and Risk Factors

Gastroenteritis is of various types, each with distinct causes and risk factors. The table below offers a concise overview of the types of gastroenteritis, along with their causes and the risk factors:

It is worth noting that certain groups, such as young children and the elderly, are more vulnerable to gastroenteritis due to their underdeveloped or compromised immunity, which makes it harder for their bodies to fight infections.

Signs and Symptoms of Gastroenteritis

Gastroenteritis affects the digestive system, causing a range of uncomfortable symptoms that can vary in severity. Given below are some of the common symptoms of stomach flu:

• Diarrhea: Frequent, watery stools are a hallmark symptom.

• Nausea and Vomiting: Often occurs alongside abdominal discomfort.

• Abdominal Cramps: Sharp or dull pain in the stomach area.

• Fever: A mild to moderate fever may develop, depending on the cause.

• Dehydration: Symptoms include dry mouth, thirst, reduced urination, or dizziness.

• Fatigue: General weakness and tiredness due to fluid loss and lack of nutrients.

• Loss of Appetite: A common response to gastrointestinal distress.

• Headache and Muscle Pain: Occasionally accompanies other symptoms in viral cases.

Diagnosis of Gastroenteritis 

Diagnosing gastroenteritis involves assessing symptoms and ruling out any other underlying health conditions. A healthcare provider may use a combination of the following methods to confirm the diagnosis:

• Medical History: The doctor will ask about recent food intake, travel history, and exposure to sick individuals.

• Physical Examination: The doctor will perform a physical examination to assess signs of dehydration, abdominal tenderness, or fever.

• Stool Tests: The doctor may also suggest a stool test to identify viruses, bacteria, or parasites causing the infection.

• Blood Tests: In severe cases, blood tests may be used to assess dehydration or rule out other illnesses.

• Rapid Tests: Some hospitals offer quick diagnostic kits for specific pathogens such as norovirus or rotavirus.

Treatments for Gastroenteritis

Treatment for stomach flu focuses on managing symptoms, preventing complications, and supporting the body’s recovery. Supportive therapy plays a vital role in this process. Here are the primary treatment approaches:

• Gastroenteritis Supportive Therapy: Supportive care focuses on hydration with oral rehydration solutions (ORS) or IV fluids for severe cases, gradual reintroduction of light, digestible foods like the BRAT diet, and symptom management using over-the-counter medications under medical supervision.

• Medications: Treatment may include antiemetics to control nausea, antidiarrheals for symptom relief, and antibiotics or antiparasitics for bacterial or parasitic infections, as prescribed by a healthcare professional.

• Probiotics: Live cultures in supplements or yogurt can help restore the balance of good bacteria in the gut, speeding up recovery.

• Rest and Recovery: Adequate rest allows the body to recover, while staying hydrated and following a gentle diet minimises strain on the digestive system.

• Rotavirus Vaccination: Vaccination is recommended for infants to prevent severe cases of viral gastroenteritis.

Complications of Gastroenteritis

While gastroenteritis is often mild and self-limiting, it can lead to serious complications, particularly in vulnerable populations such as children, the elderly, and individuals with weakened immune systems.

• Dehydration: The most common complication, caused by excessive loss of fluids and electrolytes through diarrhea and vomiting. Severe dehydration can be life-threatening if untreated.

• Electrolyte Imbalance: Loss of essential minerals such as sodium, potassium, and chloride can disrupt body functions, leading to muscle weakness, irregular heartbeat, or seizures.

• Nutritional Deficiencies: Persistent symptoms may impair nutrient absorption, resulting in temporary deficiencies.

• Secondary Infections: In rare cases, bacterial gastroenteritis can lead to bloodstream infections or other complications.

• Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): Post-infectious IBS may develop after severe gastroenteritis, causing prolonged digestive discomfort.

• Lactose Intolerance: Temporary lactose intolerance can occur following an episode of gastroenteritis, particularly in children.

• Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS): A rare but severe complication, often linked to E. coli infections, that can cause kidney damage or failure.

When to See a Doctor?

While gastroenteritis often resolves on its own, certain symptoms may indicate the need for medical attention. Seek a doctor's help if you or a loved one experience:

Severe Symptoms

• Persistent vomiting lasting more than two days.

• Diarrhea that lasts more than a few days or becomes bloody.

• High fever (above 101°F or 38.3°C) that doesn’t subside.

• Severe abdominal pain or cramping.

Signs of Dehydration

• Extreme thirst or dry mouth.specia

• Little or no urination, or urine that appears dark.

• Dizziness or lightheadedness, especially when standing.

• In children: lack of tears when crying, sunken eyes, or extreme drowsiness.

Special Considerations

• Infants and young children, due to their higher risk of dehydration, should be seen promptly if symptoms persist or worsen.

• Older adults and individuals with compromised immune systems should seek immediate care if symptoms are severe or dehydration is suspected.

• Pregnant women experiencing gastroenteritis symptoms should consult a healthcare provider to rule out complications.

Early medical intervention can prevent complications such as severe dehydration or secondary infections, ensuring faster recovery. 

Home Remedies for Stomach Flu

While stomach flu (viral gastroenteritis) typically resolves on its own, these home remedies can help alleviate symptoms and speed recovery:

• Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of fluids, such as water, clear broths, or oral rehydration solutions (ORS), to prevent dehydration. Small, frequent sips are best if you're feeling nauseous.

• Follow the BRAT Diet: Consume bland, easy-to-digest foods such as bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast once you're able to eat. Avoid spicy, fatty, or dairy-heavy foods.

• Ginger Tea: Ginger has natural anti-nausea properties and can help calm the stomach. Sip ginger tea or chew on a small piece of raw ginger.

• Peppermint: Drinking peppermint tea or sucking on peppermint lozenges can ease nausea and stomach cramps.

• Probiotics: Yogurt with live cultures or probiotic supplements can help restore gut balance.

• Apple Cider Vinegar: Dilute a tablespoon of apple cider vinegar in a glass of water to help reduce symptoms such as bloating and nausea.

• Chamomile Tea: Known for its calming effects, chamomile tea can soothe stomach pain and relax muscles.

• Electrolyte Drinks: Coconut water or electrolyte-rich drinks can replenish lost minerals without added sugar.

• Avoid Irritants: Steer clear of caffeine, alcohol, and highly acidic foods, which can worsen symptoms.

• Rest: Give your body time to recover by getting plenty of sleep and avoiding strenuous activity.

Preventing Gastroenteritis

Preventing gastroenteritis requires a focus on hygiene, food safety, and avoiding contact with contaminated sources. Simple but consistent measures can significantly reduce your risk of infection.

• Practice Good Hygiene: Washing your hands thoroughly with soap and water is essential, especially after using the restroom, before eating, and after handling raw foods. When soap and water are unavailable, use hand sanitisers containing at least 60% alcohol. It’s also important to encourage children to practice regular handwashing, particularly in schools and daycare settings.

• Maintain Food Safety: Ensure that meat, seafood, and eggs are cooked thoroughly to eliminate harmful bacteria. Wash fruits and vegetables under running water before eating or cooking. Prevent cross-contamination by keeping raw and cooked foods separate during preparation. Additionally, refrigerate leftovers promptly and avoid consuming food that has passed its expiration date.

• Disinfect Surfaces: Clean and disinfect high-touch surfaces, such as kitchen counters, door handles, and bathroom fixtures, especially if someone in the household is sick.

• Vaccinate Against Rotavirus: Ensure children receive the rotavirus vaccine to protect them from one of the most common causes of viral gastroenteritis.

Precautions to Take When Traveling

Travel increases exposure to contaminated food and water, especially in areas with poor sanitation. To minimise risk:

• Drink only bottled, boiled, or filtered water. Avoid ice cubes in beverages unless made from purified water.

• Choose freshly cooked, steaming-hot meals over raw or undercooked foods.

• Avoid unpasteurised dairy products and street food that may be prepared under unsanitary conditions.

• Use bottled water for brushing your teeth.

• Carry hand sanitisers and disinfecting wipes for quick cleanups when facilities are unavailable.

Conclusion

Gastroenteritis, though common, can significantly impact daily life, if not managed properly. While most cases resolve with basic care, severe symptoms or complications may require immediate medical attention. If you or a loved one is experiencing symptoms of gastroenteritis, don’t delay in seeking expert care. Artemis Hospitals is equipped to provide comprehensive care and support for those affected by stomach flu, and urge everyone to prioritise their health by scheduling regular health check-ups. 

To book an appointment with a specialist at Artemis Hospitals, call our customer care at +91-124-451-1111 or WhatsApp us at +91 9599285476. You can also schedule an appointment through our online patient portal or download and register on the Artemis Personal Health Record mobile app, available for both iOS and Android devices.

Frequently Asked Questions about Stomach Flu

1. What is stomach flu, and is it the same as gastroenteritis?

Stomach flu, also known as gastroenteritis, is an infection causing inflammation of the stomach and intestines. It’s not related to influenza despite the name.

2. What are the common symptoms of stomach flu?

The typical stomach flu symptoms include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and sometimes fever.

3. What causes viral gastroenteritis?

Viral gastroenteritis is caused by viruses like norovirus and rotavirus, often spreading through contaminated food, water, or contact with infected individuals.

4. How long does gastroenteritis stomach flu last?

Most cases of gastroenteritis disease last 1–3 days, but severe cases may take a week or more to resolve.

5. How can I prevent viral gastroenteritis?